| 摘要: | 中文摘要
范仲淹是我國歷史上一位極為傑出的名臣，他出將入相，事功顯赫；他的人格崇高偉大，朱熹譽之為「第一流人物」。他不但是位教育理論家，也是一位教育實踐家，後世尊他為「百世之師」，可以當之無愧。
五代以來，學校廢弛，文教不興，文風卑弱，士風頹靡，由於他的積極倡導教育，仁宗皇帝在慶曆四年下詔令州郡皆設立學校，我國的地方教育從此蓬勃發展。
文正公的教育主張，最重要者，有：一、主張普及教育廣設學校於郡國，以作育士子，並且教之以詩書禮樂，辨之以文行忠信。二、慎選明師，栽培良師，實施人格教育，以服膺聖賢之道。三、因材施教，實施分科教育，以培育學以致用的人才。四、勤勞恭謹，以身教為先，喚醒士大夫的自覺精神，興發學生「先憂後樂」的志節。五、主張環境教育，以收潛移默化之效。
文正公的教育貢獻最主要者有五：一、推廣地方教育，令州郡都建立學校。二、培育人才，使得有宋一朝人才鼎盛。三、重視師資，促成宋代學術的發煌。四、敦獎名教，激勵天下，宋代理學因而勃興。五、振作士風，盡掃晚唐五代以來的頹靡風氣。
由於文正公對教育工作的積極倡導，宋代文風之盛，士風之美，人才之多，尤勝於漢唐之世。
Abstract
Fan Chung-Yen was an extremely excellent and famous official of the emperor, Sung Rern-Tsung, in the history of China. During war time, he came out as a commanding general himself. He took the premier minister when he went to court. The success of egress and ingress as above was illustrious. His personality was sublime and great. Chu Hsi commended him as the person of the first class. He was not only an educational theoretician, but also an educational performer. He was worthy of the teacher of a hundred generations respected by coming age.
Schools decayed since Five Dynasties. The literature and education went down. The literary atmosphere was lowly and weak. The morale of scholars degenerated. The emperor of Rern-Tsung issued a mandate for setting up schools throughout all of counties in the 4th year of Ching-Lih because Fan Chung-Yen initiatively took the leadership of education. Hence, the local education of China arose prosperously.
Mr. Wern-Zhehng's educational theories, above all, had five below. First of all, he urged for universal education that was to widely establish schools all over the counties in China. It brought up scholars; besides, it instructed them in poems, books, rites, and music; furthermore, it dfilled them to discriminate among literature, virtue, loyalty, and faith.
Secondly, in addition to being careful in choosing wise instructors, he trained good teachers too. He executed character education to conform with the way of sages and men of virtue.
Thirdly, he supported to educate a man according to his ability. He put developmental education in practice to cultivate talented people who applied their learning to practical use.
Fourthly, he conducted himself industriously and modestly. Teaching by examples first, he set a good example to others in respect of being the first to show concern and the last to enjoy himself. It inspired the mind of self-awareness in scholars so as to arouse students to plan and worry ahead, and enjoy the fruits after.
Fifthly, he advocated environmental education in order to effect a change of a silent transforming influence.
Regarding Wern-Zhehng's education contribution, there were five chief points below. First, he extended local education that every county had to found schools. Secondly, he fostered talented people so that a galaxy of talent came out in succession in Sung Dynasty. Thirdly, he valued the supply of teachers. It developed and enriched the academy of Sung Dynasty. Fourthly, he earnestly awarded a prize to any distinguished personage in education. It encouraged the vast majority the world over; consequently, the Neo-Confucianism of Sung Dynasty was thriving suddenly. Finally, he bestirred scholars' atmosphere to awaken the weak and the enervated style since Post-Tang and Five Dynasties.
Because of Mr. Wern-Zhehng's actively taking the leadership of education, the literary style of Sung Dynasty was prosperous. And, the scholars' atmosphere of Sung Dynasty was graceful. Else, Sung Dynasty had many, many talented people. Briefly, Sung Dynasty was decidedly superior to Hang and Tang Dynasties as was stated above. |
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